West vs.World :: essays research papers fc

West versus World â€Å"Every age , each culture, each custom and convention has its own character, its own shortcoming and its own quality, its marvels and savageries; it acknowledges certain sufferings as anticipated results, sets up persistently with specific disasters. Human life is diminished to genuine anguish, to heck, just when two ages, two societies and religions overlap.† (Hermann Hesse.) It is hard for any culture on the planet to keep away from the mixing of societies. In Marshal Sahlins article, â€Å"Two or Three Things I Know about Culture†, he demonstrated that practically all societies are gotten from another. Numerous nations don't concur with this hypothesis since they accept that different traditions, customs aren't right and corrupt. One the most condemn societies on the planet is Western Society. In spite of the fact that it is very notable and generally rehearsed, it is as yet thought to be a deluding, insatiable and deceptive the â€Å"Western way† is exce ptionally scorned among various societies. In Martha Nussbaum article, â€Å"Judging Other Cultures: The Case of Genital Mutilation† she additionally makes reference to the detesting of Western culture. Some may state that the Western entrepreneur state needs to be the superhuman of the world. This general public accepts their method of living can improve any general public that is languishing. Be that as it may, the Western thought of enduring may not sound good to another culture. Truth be told, a culture with an alternate observation may even view the Western thought of progress and joy as misery. This is a dubious subject that has been frequenting societies everywhere throughout the world for an a serious long time. â€Å"†¦ethnocentric, a defaming of another culture when we have numerous motivations to discover shortcoming in our own.† (Nessbaum, page 2) In â€Å"Judging Other Cultures: The Case of Genital Mutilation† Martha Nessbaum centers around the act of female genital mutilation and its discussion. Center Eastern nations and Africa is the place this technique is illicit however generally rehearsed. In the event that one concludes that she wouldn't like to go on with the custom she will be disliked among her general public. Since FGM was demonstrated that it can adversely influence a lady wellbeing more individuals have dissented and been endeavoring to boycott it. The Westerners are the primary gathering engaged with nullifying the training. On the other hand, some are contending that Westerners are negating themselves by and by. â€Å"†¦the center around this issue includes a Western glamorization of sexual joy that is wrong, particularly when we judge different societies with various standards.

Comparing Catherine MacKinnons Not A Moral Issue and Sallie Tisdale’s

Looking at Catherine MacKinnon's Not A Moral Issue and Sallie Tisdale’s Talk Dirty to Me Professor’s Comment: This ground-breaking paper differentiates the perspectives on two women's activist, Catherine MacKinnon and Sallie Tisdale, every one of which sees sex entertainment in generally dissimilar manners. While MacKinnon's 'Not A Moral Issue' clarifies the unfavorable effects of erotic entertainment to ladies and society in general, Tisdale's 'Speak profanely to Me: An Intimate Philosophy of Sex' is open to sex entertainment in spite of these unfriendly effects, proposing in actuality that the answer for the issues related with sex entertainment is a more noteworthy job of ladies underway of that sex entertainment. Bosoms and booties, buns and knockers. Type these words into a hunt field and be readied. The nearness of explicit and indecent material is uncontrolled: in business promoting, on primetime TV, and in each Danielle Steel tale. Such an excess of contested material presents numerous inquiries for conversation. One must ask, why there is such an interest for these items and why have they made a discussion of debate from left-and right-wingers, just as women's activists and chauvinists? What, at that point, is sex entertainment? Is it the craft of sex, a battle against profound quality, the world's driving plague of sexual savagery, or the progressing battle for First Amendment rights? Sex entertainment, as characterized by the American Heritage Dictionary, is explicitly unequivocal pictures, composing, or other material whose basic role is to cause sexual excitement. This definition, be that as it may, comes up short on the clearness of practically separating among sex entertainment and erotica, and leaves space for deciphering the genuine significance of unequivocal. The issue at banter, nonetheless, is neither the naming nor distinguishing po... ... present day sexual unrest, yet in addition to a third rush of women's liberation, is naturally displeasing for conservative preservationists. The inquiries concerning the obscure impacts of this questionable media are unending. Consider the possibility that erotic entertainment stances such an incredible danger not for it's realistic sexual delineations or 'unethical behavior', however for it's capability to energize the two people to lead lives of sexual opportunity, without the out of date beliefs of family units and work area employments. Maybe it is explicit and sex-exchange businesses, which are accused for the loss of contemporary social profound quality and morals, that will recommend new beliefs of life later on. Works Cited Catherine MacKinnon 'Not A Moral Issue' 1993 Martha Nussbaum Sex and Social Justice Oxford University Press, 2000 Tisdale, Sallie. Speak profanely to Me: An Intimate Philosophy of Sex. New York: Doubleday, 1994.

How Much Is the Company Worth

How Much Is the Company Worth One of the most important questions turned over and over by investors or acquirers during a deal involving a merger or an acquisition is on whether the purchase or investment will be beneficial to them or not. Is the company worth buying? Will the benefits of taking it over or merging with it be more than the cost that was incurred in the takeover or merger process? How long will it take for the buyers to recoup the costs they incurred in the deal? Shareholders are more concerned with the premium or return they will get out of the deal.These questions will never be answered unless the acquiring companies or investors are able to determine how much the target company is really worth. © Shutterstock.com | garagestockThis guide covers 1) an introduction to company valuation and 2) most commonly used  approaches to company valuation.COMPANY VALUATIONThe valuation, or the price that one party in an MA deal will pay for a company or a business, is, by nature, subjective. There are two parties involved in an MA deal: the acquiring company and the company being targeted for acquisition. Thus, it comes as no surprise that the value of a company will be seen from two perspectives.Seller’s point of view â€" The seller, or the shareholders of the target company, would want to value the company at the highest possible price, so they can get a higher premium.Buyer’s point of view â€" The buyer, or the investors or shareholders of the acquiring company, would want to get the target company for the lowest possible price, so they can maximize their returns later on.But what is the importance of determining what the target company is worth?As mentioned earlier, the main reas on why a company valuation should be done is that the investors or the acquiring company will know if the purchase will be beneficial to them, and eventually decide how much to offer for the target company.Complexity of ValuationYou may think that valuation is straightforward, as long as you have all the numbers and the source data. As it turns out, it is a far more complex exercise than that. What does it involve?Valuing the target company: This is the technical part, where you will have to choose a method to calculate or estimate the company’s worth. It also often involves looking into the target company’s financials.Synergy: Synergy is the potential and additional value that will result from the combination of two firms, or the acquisition of one firm by another. It could stem from the operations of the combined companies, or from financial sources, such as savings from tax and increased capacity to incur and handle debt. In this instance, the investor may opt to prepare valu ation while taking into account the built-in synergies, or the synergies that come with the target company.Control: This pertains to the management of the company. Control will also affect valuation because it is possible that the investor is motivated by control when valuing the company. Thus, they will pay more attention to the investment, dividend and financing policies at work. The extent to which they would look into the financials of the target company will also be influenced.Contributing Factors to MA ValuationIn company valuations, there are several factors that come into play. While there are some who are of the belief that valuation is purely a financial or mathematical exercise â€" where only equations and numbers matter â€" it is important to note that there are other, non-mathematical factors that affect it. Although the numbers resulting from a computation provide a starting point for the determination of the valuation, there are other items that should also be taken i nto account.The meeting point of cash flow and time. How long is the period needed in order for the acquiring company to get back its cost of investment, or the price that it paid for the purchase of the target company?The inherent risks that come with the target company. The business being acquired is sure to carry with it some associated risks. What are these risks, and how will they figure in the valuation? Will the risks be high enough that it would affect the value that the buyer would be willing to pay for the company?Economic risks faced by the target company. This is looking at the bigger picture, specifically the industry and the economy that the business operates under. Economic downturns are sure to have negative effects on all businesses, and these risks are to be considered when valuing a company’s worth.Potentials of the business. We are talking about the target company’s future prospects. Is it looking good? Are the numbers showing rapid growth and profitability i n the future?Negotiating skills. At the end of the day, valuation will largely depend on how good the parties are at negotiating. This is the reason why many businesses bring in the “big guns”, or the expert negotiators, in order to talk about company valuation.The last item will now bring to light one crucial question: who prepares the valuation?There are two options available: the first one would be for valuation to be prepared internally, (by the acquiring company) and the second option is to have independent professionals do it.Now, which is better? For purposes of objectivity, it would appear that the better option would be to have an independent professional do it. He is likely to be more objective and impartial, thanks to his independent nature. However, there is also nothing wrong with having your own people do it, especially if you are confident that they are knowledgeable, experienced, and more than competent when it comes to MA transactions.The recommendation of most experts in MA would be to do both, meaning that investor should prepare its own valuation, and have another valuation prepared by an independent professional. The two valuations may then be compared, and it will be easier to identify gaps or differences that can be easily bridged between the two perspectives.The 4X to 6X Valuation RangeSpeaking in general terms, there is a simple valuation range that is used in valuation:                                                                                             4x to 6x EBITDAIn the above range, EBITDA is the net earnings left over when you deduct expenses from revenue, excluding interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization expenses.Say, for example, that a target company has EBITDA of $5 million. This would lead to a valuation of $20 million to $30 million.Take note that 4x to 6x is just the range, with the average, 5x, seen as the generally accepted industry standard. The 6x multiple is not the ceiling, however, because there a re instances where it can go above 6x. This is in the case of businesses that are highly profitable or show very rapid growth potential in an industry that is equally dynamic and promising when it comes to growth and profitability. Of course, we also cannot rule out the possibility that the negotiators may be so good at their jobs that they can raise the valuation â€" and negotiate it â€" at multiples higher than 6x.APPROACHES FOR PREPARING VALUATIONThere are more than several procedures used by companies to prepare valuations that are later used in various business transactions, not just MA. However, we can categorize these procedures into three valuation approaches.ASSET-BASED ApproachIn this approach, the attention is mostly on the assets of the target company. It is the approach that is chosen when the target company has a very low, sometimes even negative, value, particularly in terms of its status as a going concern. It could be that the company is not really making profits at all, or have sustained operating losses in recent years, so it shows no strength when it comes to profitability. Thus, the acquiring company would value it based on its assets instead of income. In short, it is the target company’s assets that will be valued separately.Many say that this approach provides the minimum benchmark when it comes to valuation in MA, and that is true. The method of purely basing the value on the assets of the company often results in the lowest valuation, even in the case of a target company that is doing relatively all right in making profits.Some of the most common procedures are:Net Asset Value Method: Net Asset refers to the remaining equity of the target company after its assets and liabilities have been adjusted to reflect the fair market value. That net value is the value of the business. In accounting, Net Asset is equal to Assets less Liabilities.Liquidation Value Method: The valuation of the company is equal to its liquidation value, or the pr esent value of the estimated proceeds from liquidating all its assets, after paying off its liabilities and other mandatory expenses.INCOME-BASED ApproachThis approach holds that the value of the company is equal to the present value of all the future benefits (income), after considering the inherent risks to these benefits, to the acquiring company. A discount rate will be applied in order to arrive at the net present value (NPV) of the company’s future income. It essentially answers the question: “how much should the investor pay today in order to receive a certain amount in n years?” Or “how much should the investor pay today in order to receive periodic, regular income amounting to x over a period of n years?”The most common procedures are:Capitalization of Earnings: This procedure requires looking into the historical earnings of the target company, and normalizing them in consideration with inherent risks that affect the growth of the company’s future income.Discoun ted Future Earnings: The projected future earnings of the target company is not really considered much in this method, since the acquiring company will discount that amount back to its present value.MARKET-BASED ApproachThis is a broader approach, since the valuation is with respect to the value of other, similar companies within the same industry and economy. In most cases, the comparison is made on several similar aspects of the companies, not necessarily the overall value. Compared to the Asset- and Income-based approaches, this is the one that is more commonly used in MA transactions.There are two variables that come into play:The companies to be compared. For companies to be comparable, they have to have similarities or parallelism. One way would be to narrow things down by comparing companies that belong to the same industry as the target company. Of course, it would not make sense to compare, for MA valuation purposes, an international airline carrier company to a fast-food c hain, even if it also operates internationally. In the same vein, it would also be more prudent to compare a publicly traded target company with other publicly traded companies. This also applies to size, since it does not seem fair to compare aspects of a multinational company to a domestic one.Aspects of the companies to be compared. Not all aspects of the companies will be relevant in valuation preparation. You have to choose those aspects that actually have an impact on the value or worth of the company. For example, the aspects to be compared may be their annual earnings, the total gross revenue, or even the book value of their capital assets.METHODS OF VALUATIONAlthough the 4x to 6x multiples are widely used by many businesses and even some of the tools mentioned in the three approaches, there are other methods or tools that are commonly used to assess the value of target companies.1. Price-Earnings Ratio (P/E Ratio) MethodComparative ratios have proven to be very useful in va rious financial analysis, and they also come in handy when it comes to MA valuation.In this method, all the stocks of companies in the same industry are analyzed in order to get a good picture of the P/E ratio of the target company. The acquiring company will value the target company, and make an offer that is a multiple of the latter’s earnings.2. Enterprise-Value-to-Sales Ratio MethodThe buyer will make an offer using a multiple based on the sales of the target company. Usually, the multiple is arrived at after conducting a study on the prevailing price-to-sales ratio of other companies within the same industry.3. Replacement Cost MethodIn this method, the target company will be valued at its replacement cost. Replacement cost is defined as the “cost to replace the assets of a company”. In this context, it means the “cost to replace the target company itself”. A simple example would be when the investor makes an offer that is equal to the value of the capital assets and equipment, as well as the staffing and personnel costs of the target company.The downside for this method is that it is limited to companies whose assets and operations are purely quantifiable. Service providers are much harder to quantify in terms of their replacement costs.4. Discounted Cash Flow MethodThis method will have the preparers of the valuation taking a closer look at the target company’s estimated future cash flows, specifically the free cash flows. It will basically predict the free cash flows, based on historical cash flow data, and the estimated amount will be discounted to its present value, using the target company WACC, or weighted average cost of capital.Watch this video to learn more about the discounted cash flow method. For purposes of computation, free cash flows is computed:Operating Profit100Add back:Depreciation Expense10Goodwill Amortization515Total115Deduct:Capital Expenditures(12)Taxes (paid in cash)(4)Change in working capital(4)(20)Free Cash Flows                95Having so many methods available, with each of them having their own pros and cons, can be quite confusing for companies involved in MA, and there is a chance that that choose the wrong method and subsequently come up with a valuation that is not truly representative of the company’s worth. That is why there is a need for everyone to work together in choosing which method is most applicable.Ultimately, it is important to know that the value or worth of a company in any MA transaction is that amount which a buyer and a seller willingly agree on, leading them to conclude the transaction and close the deal. There are two elements that must be present: the buyer is willing to pay for it, and the seller is willing to accept that payment at that amount.So you have the numbers and the figures, backed up by the recommendation of MA experts and independent professionals. Due diligence investigation has been conducted thoroughly, and you were finally able to come up with a v aluation. Will this be enough to green light the deal?For some, perhaps the answer is yes. However, there is one other ingredient that should never be left out, and that is Common Sense. The investor should always exercise common sense and professional judgment, in combination with the cold and hard facts and numbers, in order to decide whether the valuation truly reflects the target company’s worth.

Greek And Roman Epic Poetry - 2910 Words

Caius Mergy Professor Witkin Greek and Roman Epic Poetry 14 December 2014 I have neither given nor received unauthorized aid on this assignment. Caius Mergy According to Virgil’s Aeneid, the Rome of Caesar Augustus proves that the impression that gods exist and care for human beings is â€Å"nothing but a picture† (1.659) . Within the first half of the Aeneid, Aeneas seems to have no understanding of his fate or Rome’s fate. On the one hand, he misinterprets Dido’s frieze and does not comprehend how the line of heroes presented by Anchises relates to the Rome of Caesar Augustus. On the other hand, between books seven and twelve, he is able to manipulate situations to his advantage, indicating that he has some understanding of his fate, while he still does not understand the meaning behind various artworks presented to him. This understanding culminates in his killing of Turnus. In this final act, Aeneas secures the destiny of Rome while succumbing to furor, ignoring the piety in which Jupiter claims that the Romans will surpass the gods. Throughout the Aeneid, Aeneas does not understand any of the artwork that is presented to him, such as his shield, Dido’s frieze, and Anchises’ line of heroes. All pieces of art have hidden meanings as to the idea and character of future Rome and how Aeneas should act. Upon arriving at Carthage, Aeneas sees images of Trojans and other heroes and states: â€Å"Here, too, the honorable finds its due and there are tears for passing things; here,Show MoreRelatedImpact of Greek Culture on the Romans790 Words   |  3 Pages the Roman culture was unparalleled (Fiero 139). The location of Rome on the Italian peninsula put them in a prime location to encounter rich cultures such as the Greeks. Roman culture would not have been the same if it had not been for the Greeks, because they incorporated multiple aspects of the culture into their everyday life. The Romans were heavily influenced by Greek philosophy, theology, literature, art, and architecture. Greek philosophy was renowned. So much so that the Romans modeledRead More Augustan Poetry Essay830 Words   |  4 PagesAugustan Poetry Often through hardship and nearly insurmountable difficulty great works of art are born. Although years of bloodshed and civil war had plagued Rome since the death of Julius Caesar, some of the most powerful and influential literature in the western world was developed in that timeframe. During the Age of Augustus (approximately 43 BC – 17 AD) such great writers as Virgil, Horace, Livy, Propertius, and Ovid created epic masterpieces of literature and philosophy. It was throughRead MoreThe Odyssey : The Aeneid And The Odyssey1075 Words   |  5 PagesAeneid and the Odyssey are perhaps two of the most famous epic poems to come out of the ancient world. Both stories involve acts of heroism, divine intervention, and ultimately, victory. They both offer insights into the cultures of Rome and Greece at the time of their writings. Additionally, both works stem from the same event (the Trojan War) but follow different characters, touching on different aspects of the idealized hero in Roman and Greek culture. We must first start by discussing who VirgilRead MoreEssay about Latin Literature in History1232 Words   |  5 PagesLatin Literature in History Greek literature was one of the numerous Greek accomplishments from which Romans drew immense influence. The Romans picked up first on the Greek embrace of rhetoric, which became an educational standard, given that a mans rhetoric, his ability to push the buttons of the subject audience by way of speeches, supplemented the mans rise to political power. But as rhetoric began to diminish from Roman daily life following Romes imperialization, identicalRead More Latin Literature In History Essay1193 Words   |  5 PagesLiterature in History nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Greek literature was one of the numerous Greek accomplishments from which Romans drew immense influence. The Romans picked up first on the Greek embrace of rhetoric, which became an educational standard, given that a man’s rhetoric, his ability to â€Å"push the buttons† of the subject audience by way of speeches, supplemented the man’s rise to political power. But as rhetoric began to diminish from Roman daily life following Rome’s imperialization, identicalRead MoreImportance of History Essay905 Words   |  4 Pagesmistakes as well as their own. This being true, another reason to study history is to see, not only our mistakes so we may learn, but also to see the good influences that molded the world and culture we live in. The ancient civilizations of the Greeks, Hebrews and Romans contributed to our modern civilization, not just the eastern-European but western civilization as well. Those cultures and civilizations shaped eastern-European culture whic h intern shaped our western culture, so for us to truly study ourRead MoreThe Aeneid Is A Latin Epic Poem Written By Virgil1163 Words   |  5 PagesThe Aeneid is a Latin epic poem written by Virgil. The Aeneid tells a story of Aenes, a Trojan who traveled to Italy, where he became the ancestor of the romans. The Iliad is an ancient Greek epic poem written by Homer. Both the Aeneid and the Iliad are both the same and different at the same time. The Iliad and the Aeneid are both masterworks in epic poetry. Not only do they summon destiny and martial duty, but also heroism. They are both fixated around the Trojan War. In the Iliad it focuses mainlyRead More12 Literary Piece1670 Words   |  7 PagesChristianity originating from Palestine and Greece 2. Koran: The Muslim bible originating from Arabia 3. The Iliad and the Odyssey: These have been the source of Myths and Legends of Greece. They were written by Homer. 4. The Mahabharata: The Longest epic of the world. It contains the history of religion in India. 5. Canterburry: it depicts the religion and customs of English in early days. This originated from England and written by Chaucer. 6. Uncle Toms Cabin: written by Harriet Beecher StoweRead MoreEssay about Epic Conventions Applied in The Faerie Queene1711 Words   |  7 PagesThroughout the centuries, writing an epic is considered as the major qualification of being master poet for the European writers and many writers attempt to give an example in this genre along their life time. Unfortunately, big portion of such writers fail and burry in the dusty shelves of the literature whereas some other writers’ life time could not be long enough to complete â€Å"such divine duty that puts on the poets’ shoulders. (Sydney 47).Especially, when we look through the English literatureRead MoreTheme in Virgil’s Aeneid625 Words   |  3 Pagespoet of the Roman Empire lived during the rulings of emperor Octavian, better known as Augustus. His father a farmer, he found no time for the daily grind, instead Virgil sought writing. His primary works of art centered on turmoil brought on by evil power and pointless wars. The history of this time is fascinating because it is the beginning of what we know today as the Roman Empire. It is easy to poke fun at Virgil as a spawn of Homer as his writing is similar in nature to the latter Greek poet. As

Use Of Mathematics On Economic Profit Maximization

The Use of Mathematics in Economic Profit Maximization Introduction: Economics is a social science that deals with how individuals, governments, firms, and nations make decisions on allocating scarce resources to satisfy their unlimited wants. Economists use theories and mathematical models to provide solutions to many problems in decision making and forecasting in economics. I have decided to take a look at how math is used in the study of economics, specifically in economic models such as the profit maximization model or the demand model. This year I decided to take an economics course and so far we have looked at markets and businesses and I thought it would be interesting to research more on how firms use math to maximize profits for this math exploration. The objective of a business is generally to maximize profits. Firms generally use the profit maximization model and the demand model to help predict the price-output of a firm under changing market conditions. Accounting Profit: Profit is the difference between the total revenue subtracted by the total cost. Total revenue is simply the total amount of money that a firm receives from its sales and total cost means the monetary cost of production. Accounting profit can be modelled with a very simple equation of: Ï€= TR-TC where Ï€ stands for the profits made, TR for total revenue, and TC for total monetary cost of production (Ï€ is used to represent profit since the variable P is used to stand for price). Thus if aShow MoreRelatedRole of Mathematics in Business Economics1407 Words   |  6 PagesRole Of Mathematics in Business amp; Economics Introduction: Mathematics have been one of the primary elements of business and economics since ancient times, when farmers had to count the animals in their possession and merchants had to have a clear picture of their goods value. With the introduction of money as the universal legal tender, all goods acquired a numerical value, making math calculations even more important. Furthermore, in the competitive global market environment of today, businessesRead MoreMacro Micro Economics2304 Words   |  10 Pagesâ€Å"Economics has never been a science - and it is even less now than a few years ago.†Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Paul Samuelson INTRODUCTION Economics  is the  social science  that analyzes the  production,  distribution, and  consumption  of  goods  and  services. A focus of the subject is how  economic agents  behave or interact and how  economies  work. A given economy is the result of a process that involves its  technological evolution,  history  and  social organization, as well as its  geography,  natural resource endowment, and  ecologyRead MoreThe Illusion Of The Epoch : Neoclassical Economics As A Case Study1740 Words   |  7 Pages Henry titled The Illusion of the Epoch: Neoclassical Economics as a Case Study. This essay written by John F. Henry is an examination of ideas put forward by Karl Marx as well as Friedrich Engel in The German Ideology and their correlation with the principles of neoclassical economics. This idea is referred to as the â€Å"Illusion of the epoch† and is described by Henry as being â€Å"A conceptual framework in which the ideas of th e dominant economic class are the dominant ideas in a society and increasinglyRead MoreQuantitative Methods for Business Paper1652 Words   |  7 Pagesmathematical and reproducible. Regression analysis is an example of one such technique. Statistical analysis is also an example of a quantitative technique. Quantitative techniques are applied for business analysis to optimize decision making IE profit maximization and cost minimization. It covers linear programming models and other special algorithms, inventory and production models. Albert Humphrey, a management consultant who specialized in organizational management, devised the SWOT analysisRead MoreProfit Maximization vs Wealth Maximization5736 Words   |  23 PagesA PROJECT REPORT ON â€Å"PROFIT MAXIMIZATION V/S WEALTH MAXIMIZATION† Submitted to In requirement of partial fulfillment of Master of Business Administration (MBA) Submitted on Submitted by PREFACE As a part of the curriculum of the MBA Program of the _________________, the students are required to undergo project work in addition to their theoretical study so as to enable them to have the knowledge of theoretical aspects taught in the class room with its practical application. As students of managementRead MoreSimplex Method Essay1189 Words   |  5 Pagesweek creating paintings.    The profits for each painting are: A: $400, B: $800, C: $1000   How many paintings should the artist create (and what sizes) within 1 year to maximize profits? What would the artist’s maximum profits be? 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Swiss Free Essays

He was also very religious and he devoted much of his life to the Church and to the education of his children. In the eighteenth century, priest and clergymen were some of the most learned men in the country and Johann Wyss was certainly no exception. His detailed knowledge of geography, botany, and wildlife is used to great effect in The Swiss Family Robinson. We will write a custom essay sample on Swiss or any similar topic only for you Order Now Johann Wyss grew up in Bern, a peaceful and prosperous city in Switzerland. He remained in Bern for most of his adult life, apart from a brief stint as a military priest in his twenties, when he travelled around Europe with a Swiss regiment.Writing and telling stories were just a hobby for Johann. His main job was as a pastor in his home town, a job he kept for most of his adult life. In 1803, he retired to his country home in Koeniz, where he grew fruits and kept bees. The Swiss Family Robinson started life as an extended bedtime story that Johann would tell to his four sons. The famous story of Robinson Crusoe, written by Daniel Defoe in 1719, inspired Wyss’s idea of shipwrecked family – but Wyss made sure that there were parents on his island too, to instruct and guide the younger children. II. Complete Pages 72 pages Chapter 1 – page 1 – 24 Chapter 2 – page 25 – 57 Chapter 3 – page 58 – 94 Chapter 4 – page 95 – 116 Chapter 5 – page 117 – 136 Chapter 6 – page 137 – 161 Chapter 7 – page 162 – 211 Chapter 8 – page 191 – 211 Chapter 9 –page 212 – 253 Chapter 10 – page 254 – 280 Chapter 11 – page 281 – 300 Chapter 12 – page 301 – 333 Chapter 13 – page 334 – 354 Chapter 14 – page 355 – 371 Chapter 15 – page 372 – 398 Chapter 16 – page 399 – 426 Chapter 17 – page 427 – 453 Chapter 18 – page 454 – 472 III. Setting The first setting is at the middle of the sea where the ship wrecked.The second setting is at the tropical island where they take refuge and soon adapt to the environment. IV. Characters a. Father – the narrator of the story. Father is a very knowledgeable man who knows almost everything there is to know about plants and animals they encounter on the island. Although he is sometimes quite strict, he is a loving father and husband. b. Mother – a patient and kind woman who can make sumptuous meals out of almost any ingredients. On the other version of The Swiss Family Robinson, Mother’s name is Elizabeth. c. Fritz – the eldest son. Fritz likes hunting and often helps his father on trips around the island. d. Ernest – the second son. Although knowledgeable and full of useful information, he can be rather lazy – something that his father always scolds him for. e. Jack – the third son and â€Å"as active as a monkey†. When Fritz leaves for England at the end of the novel, Jack takes over from him as the best hunter on the island. f. Franz – the youngest son. Franz is often scared of some of the most dangerous parts of the island life, but grows up to be just as strong and brave as his elder brothers. g.Jenny Montrose – the only girl, apart from mother, in the novel. Fritz discovers her on a nearby island after the family have been living alone for ten years. V. Synopsis of the Plot When the Robinson family are shipwrecked on an uninhabited desert island, they find a new world of adventure and knowledge. As they learn to cope with the many problems of life on the island, they become even closer as a family. First, they must rescue as much from the ship as they can. Here, they make a mistake. They think only of the present and do not take things from the ship that will help them for the future.They do not collect enough salt, evaporated out of the sea water, and, through a long, cold, wet winter, their stored meat goes rotten. They build a tree house in the wrong place and cannot keep warm and dry. However, they learn this lesson well, and make the necessary changes to their life. They move to a cave house and collect salt, build huts and plant seeds against the privations of the next winter. They are extremely lucky with their island. It seems to have everything for their needs. Over time, they discover bamboo, plants which make paper and cloth, buffaloes, sweet potatoes and salt for preserving their food.They even find pearl-bearing oysters which they will eventually make them rich. They only thing they don’t discover is another living soul – until, that is, the eldest son goes exploring and finds another shipwrecked person on a small island nearby. Jenny was on her way to meet her father when her ship went down. But she knows her father will be searching for her and, sure enough, a ship eventually appears. Jenny and Fritz leave the island, but the rest of the family decide to stay. VI. Values Family – the family always help each other in times of danger.They are always praying together especially during Sabbath Days. Mother and Father make sure that their sons always get the right values and lessons. Home – being apart from their real home, the family treated the island as their true home. Nature – the family learned to live with nature. They discover different fruits and medicinal herbs and they catch different animals for food. They made a large tree their home. They even made a monkey as their pet. VII. Criticism/ Recommendation This novel is actually a journal of the father in the story about the adventures of his family. He started his journal from the day of the storm until Fritz left the island. For me, this novel is the perfect one for children who like adventures. It’s like an explorer’s handbook and field encyclopedia. It is full of information and techniques in times of danger. This novel also gives not only tips in survival but also values and lessons like praying every Sabbath Day, being lazy will lead you to nothing, etc. This novel shows that in every problem and struggles don’t ever lose hope. Instead, let’s just accept our challenges and let’s enjoy everything God gave us whether it is good or bad. How to cite Swiss, Papers

Live and Learn free essay sample

â€Å"Wake up! Its 5:00am, time to hit the road!† As I leap out of my bed, I remember that it is the beginning of my favorite week of the summer! Even though it is early, I grab my pillow and blanket and run in excitement to the car. Despite the fact that I am tried and awake hours before I usually am, this does not bother me in the slightest. For seventeen years I have enjoyed waking up early and rushing to the car to start my week long family vacation where I get to spend time with the people I care most about. I spent my first twelve summer vacations in Dennisport, Cape Cod with my mom, dad, sister, aunt and uncle. One special tradition my sister Melanie and I had every year was to go down to the beach right before sunset and make a big, beautiful sand creation. We will write a custom essay sample on Live and Learn or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Some years we would make a huge sand castle decorated with sea shells and seaweed, while other years we would make a giant mermaid or turtle. Our family would sit above us on the deck, eating their steamed clams and shrimp cocktail and watch us build our creation while occasionally commenting down on our progress. Their continual laughter would make me smile with the warm feeling that quality family time brings. I will always cherish these childhood memories of times on the beach with my sister. While I wished I would be able to stay a child on this vacation forever, I soon had to face the fact that I was growing and maturing and along with that, my vacation to Cape Cod would not remain the same. After twelve amazing years spent at Dennisport, my mother’s death from cancer changed my life and our Cape Cod vacation forever. At first, I did not let myself accept this. I could not acknowledge the fact that we would no longer create family memories at Cape Cod. The first summer after my mom passed away my dad, my grandmother, Melanie and I spent a quiet week in Cape Cod. Instead of my sister and me going off and making a sand castle, we now spent time having appetizers with my dad and grandma instead. We would sit around the counter talking and laughing while my dad prepared 4lbs lobsters for each of us to enjoy. This was the first of what would become many vacations spent in Harwichport. In the years that followed, my new step mom, Kristin and step sister, Tasha joined my dad, Melanie and me in Harwichport. Now, rather than building sand castles, I run with my family into the 58 degree water at Marconi Beach searching for the perfect waves to ride in. The moment that I get right on top of the wave and come flying onto the shore, a smile crosses my face and I am filled with the exhilaration of the ride and the excitement of these new memories. In these instances, I am once again filled with the warm sensation that comes with family time and knowing everyth ing is okay. Through the changes in the family and location of my trip to Cape Cod one thing has remained the same; my vacation to Cape Cod allows me to create memorable experiences that I will always cherish. My recollections of Cape Cod when I was younger have created lasting bonds between myself and my mom that will remain with me always. My vacations with my dad, new mom and sisters bring the opportunity for new experiences and memories now and in the years to come. Although change can be scary and difficult, when I reflect back on my Cape Cod vacations I can appreciate the new adventures that have come with these changes.

Word Class Definition and Examples

Word Class Definition and Examples In English grammar, a word class is a set of words that display the same formal properties, especially their inflections and distribution. The term word class is similar to the more traditional term, part of speech. It is also variously called grammatical category, lexical category, and  syntactic category (although these terms are not wholly or universally synonymous). The two major families of word classes are lexical (or open or form) classes (nouns, verbs, adjectives, adverbs) and function (or closed or structure) classes (determiners, particles, prepositions, and others). Examples and Observations When linguists began to look closely at English grammatical structure in the 1940s and 1950s, they encountered so many problems of identification and definition that the term part of speech soon fell out of favor, word class being introduced instead. Word classes are equivalent to parts of speech, but defined according to strict linguistic criteria. (David Crystal, The Cambridge Encyclopedia of the English Language, 2nd ed. Cambridge University Press, 2003)There is no single correct way of analyzing words into word classes...Grammarians disagree about the boundaries between the word classes (see gradience), and it is not always clear whether to lump subcategories together or to split them. For example, in some grammars...pronouns are classed as nouns, whereas in other frameworks...they are treated as a separate word class. (Bas Aarts, Sylvia Chalker, Edmund Weiner,  The Oxford Dictionary of English Grammar, 2nd ed. Oxford University Press, 2014) Form Classes and Structure Classes [The] distinction between lexical and grammatical meaning determines the first division in our classification: form-class words and structure-class words. In general, the form classes provide the primary lexical content; the structure classes explain the grammatical or structural relationship. Think of the form-class words as the bricks of the language and the structure words as the mortar that holds them together. The form classes also known as content words or open classes include: NounsVerbsAdjectivesAdverbs The structure classes, also known as function words or closed classes, include: DeterminersPronounsAuxiliariesConjunctionsQualifiersInterrogativesPrepositionsExpletivesParticles Probably the most striking difference between the form classes and the structure classes is characterized by their numbers. Of the half million or more words in our language, the structure words- with some notable exceptions- can be counted in the hundreds. The form classes, however, are large, open classes; new nouns and verbs and adjectives and adverbs regularly enter the language as new technology and new ideas require them. (Martha Kolln and Robert Funk, Understanding English Grammar. Allyn and Bacon, 1998) One Word, Multiple Classes Items may belong to more than one class. In most instances, we can only assign a word to a word class when we encounter it in context. Looks is a verb in It looks good, but a noun in She has good looks; that is a conjunction in I know that they are abroad, but a pronoun in I know that and a determiner in I know that man; one is a generic pronoun in One must be careful not to offend them, but a numeral in Give me one good reason. (Sidney Greenbaum, Oxford English Grammar. Oxford University Press, 1996) Suffixes as Signals We recognize the class of a word by its use in context. Some words have suffixes (endings added to words to form new words) that help to signal the class they belong to. These suffixes are not necessarily sufficient in themselves to identify the class of a word. For example, -ly is a typical suffix for adverbs (slowly, proudly), but we also find this suffix in adjectives: cowardly, homely, manly. And we can sometimes convert words from one class to another even though they have suffixes that are typical of their original class: an engineer, to engineer; a negative response, a negative. (Sidney Greenbaum and Gerald Nelson, An Introduction to English Grammar, 3rd ed. Pearson, 2009) A Matter of Degree [N]ot all the members of a class will necessarily have all the identifying properties. Membership in a particular class is really a matter of degree. In this regard, grammar is not so different from the real world. There are prototypical sports like football and not so sporty sports like darts. There are exemplary mammals like dogs and freakish ones like the platypus. Similarly, there are good examples of verbs like watch and lousy examples like beware; exemplary nouns like chair that display all the features of a typical noun and some not so good ones like Kenny. (Kersti Bà ¶rjars and Kate Burridge, Introducing English Grammar, 2nd ed. Hodder, 2010)

8th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas

8th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas 8th grade science fair projects tend to involve the scientific method and designing an experiment and not making models or explaining processes. Youll be expected to present data in the form of tables and graphs. Typed reports and posters are the norm (sorry, no handwritten text). You should do the project yourself, rather than enlist heavy-duty help from a parent or older student. Its appropriate to cite references for any information that isnt common knowledge or that draws on the work of others. 8th Grade Science Fair Project Ideas What paper airplane design flies the farthest? stays aloft the longest?What effect does soap in water have on plants? Is the effect the same at very low soap concentrations as compared with high concentrations?How much plant food is too much?Are dogs (cats/fish/etc.) colorblind? If so, is the lack of color perception compensated by better light/dark vision?What soils best support structures, such as buildings?What types of words do babies learn to speak first?Does air temperature affect how long soap bubbles last? Does relative humidity?Are goldfish water chemicals really necessary or are they an unneeded expense?Can you graft a tomato plant onto a potato plant?Do plants react to the presence of other plants? music? different colored light?What materials glow under black light? Can you use the UV light to find invisible, possibly smelly, stains in your carpet or elsewhere in your house?Will chilling an onion before cutting it keep you from crying?Does catnip repel cockroaches better than DEET? What ratio of vinegar to baking soda produces the best chemical volcano eruption?What type of plastic wrap prevents evaporation the best?What plastic wrap prevents oxidation the best?What percentage of an orange is water?Are night insects attracted to lamps because of heat or light?Can you make Jello using fresh pineapples instead of canned pineapples?Do white candles burn at a different rate than colored candles?Does the presence of detergent in water affect plant growth?Can a saturated solution of sodium chloride still dissolve Epsom salts?Does magnetism affect the growth of plants?How does the shape of an ice cube affect how quickly it melts?Do different brands of popcorn leave different amounts of unpopped kernels?How accurately do egg producers measure eggs?How do differences in surfaces affect the adhesion of tape?If you shake up different kinds or brands of soft drinks (e.g., carbonated), will they all spew the same amount?Are all potato chips equally greasy?Do the same types of mold grow on all types of bread? Does light affect the rate at which foods spoil?Can you use a household water filter to remove flavor or color from other liquids?Does the power of a microwave affect how well it makes popcorn?Do all brands of diapers absorb the same amount of liquid? Does it matter what the liquid is (water as opposed to juice or... um.. urine)?Do all dishwashing detergents produce the same amount of bubbles? Clean the same number of dishes?Is the nutritional content of different brands of a vegetable (e.g., canned peas) the same?How permanent are permanent markers? What solvents (e.g., water, alcohol, vinegar, detergent solution) will remove the ink? Do different brands/types of markers produce the same results?Is laundry detergent as effective if you use less than the recommended amount? More?Do all hairsprays hold equally well? Equally long? Does type of hair affect the results?What effect do additives have on the crystals? You could add food coloring, flavorings, or other impurities.What steps c an you take to maximize crystal size? You can affect vibration, humidity, temperature, rate of evaporation, purity of your growth medium, and time allowed for crystal growth. How do different factors affect seed germination? Factors that you could test include the intensity, duration, or type of light, the temperature, the amount of water, the presence/absence of certain chemicals, or the presence/absence of soil. You can look at the percentage of seeds that germinate or the rate at which seeds germinate.Is a seed affected by its size? Do different size seeds have different germination rates or percentages? Does seed size affect the growth rate or final size of a plant?How does cold storage affect the germination of seeds? Factors you can control include the type of seeds, length of storage, temperature of storage, and other variables, such as light and humidity.What conditions affect the ripening of fruit? Look at ethylene and enclosing a fruit in a sealed bag, temperature, light, or nearness to other pieces or fruit.How are different soils affected by erosion? You can make your own wind or water and evaluate the effects on soil. If you have access to a very cold freezer, you can look at the effects of freeze and thaw cycles. How does the pH of soil relate to the pH of the water around the soil? You can make your own pH paper, test the pH of the soil, add water, then test the pH of the water. Are the two values the same? If not, is there a relationship between them?How close does a plant have to be to a pesticide for it to work? What factors influence the effectiveness of a pesticide (rain? light? wind?)? How much can you dilute a pesticide while retaining its effectiveness? How effective are natural pest deterrents? More Science Fair Project Ideas

Sociological interest in the paranormal experiences Essay

Sociological interest in the paranormal experiences - Essay Example I find very little co relation between paranormal /anomalous experiences and the sociology of knowledge because it believes in rationalization of what is being experienced. It is very difficult to point out the theory behind all things related to the paranormal / anomalous. If we try to understand what is really meant by paranormal experiences, one thing that immediately comes to our mind is that it instills a feeling of global oneness. We just cannot say that only those who are educated have had paranormal or anomalous experiences. Neither can we conclude that people following a particular religion have experienced it. Such experiences are common across different cultural communities too. Paranormal or anomalous experiences are those that leave a lasting impression on people who have gone through it but there are not enough evidence or logical explanation to prove their authenticity. Some of the phenomenon that can be categorized paranormal or anomalous are experiences of ghosts, UFO, other supernatural powers, spirituality, folie a deux condition, dj vu condition, parapsychology, occult, pseudoscience, protoscience, abduction phenomenon, extra sensory perception, spontaneous human combustion, out of body feelings, near to death experiences etc. Apart from all these there are other phenomenon like astrology, numerology, phrenology, psychometry, psychic surgery, physiognomy, chiropractic, homeopathy, precognition, remote viewing, faith healing, channeling etc. Very few of the above-mentioned phenomena can be explained in a scientific way. Yet they are more interesting and draw much more sociological interest than those phenomena, which can be proved scientifically. The reason for this is that humans tend to get bored with the tried and tested instances. Dolon rightly states in Coutts that " I want people to know that there is more to life than what we call reality, more than what we can see - and it is not as far beyond our reach as we imagine. It is ordinary, everyday, here and now, in this minute. And it is magical, a gift." (2003 p. 291) There is a constant urge in all of us to discover the thrill of coming across the unusual. This common interest binds people together and make them a part of the group. People from different dimensions become a part of the sociological structure. Their common interest is termed as sociological interest. . Chapter 1 Paranormal and the Sociology of ReligionThe sociology of religion has been an integral part of sociology since the very beginning. Davie in Taylor has very beautifully tried to bring out the link between religion and society. In his words "there are two ways of defining religion in terms of its relationship to society. The first is substantive: it is concerned with what religion is. Religion involves beliefs and practices, which assume the existence of supernatural beings. The second approach is functional: it is concerned with what religion does and how it affects the society of which it is part For example, religion offers answers to otherwise unanswerable questions (what happens when we die), or

Preparation, Pre-Negotiation, Negotiate and Post Negotiation Essay

Preparation, Pre-Negotiation, Negotiate and Post Negotiation - Essay Example Negotiations will start with identification of the common concern that the parties differ on, then educating each other on the needs and interests of each party follows and finally settlement options are discussed whereby the parties will bargain on the decision to be made. Negotiations occur on all aspects of life including, businesses, government and families and its chief aim is to act as a method of dispute resolution since disputes are bound to occur because people will have varying opinions on matters affecting their undertakings every day (Moore, 2011). In this regards, negotiation will have four stages, which are aimed at ensuring successful dispute resolution and they are: preparation, pre-negotiation, negotiate and post negotiation. Pre-Negotiation This is the first stage, and it occurs because prior to negotiations a decision has to be made with regards to when, the location of the meeting and who will attend the meeting so as to there is a clearly laid out plan to avoid d elays. This stage will ensure that all the parties have intelligence on the information to be discussed so as ensure that everyone’s position is known. Pre-negotiation helps in knowing the tactics to be used so as to avoid further conflicts and ensure that time is not wasted during the actual negotiation meeting. Preparation At this stage, clarification and prioritization of the facts of the dispute are made and this helps in distinguishing the facts from assumptions in the issue of concern. Questions and test assumptions are laid down, which help considering the range of the potential outcomes of the negotiation procedure. Strengths and weaknesses of the two opposing sides are considered, and this is helpful in trying to ascertain the best outcome. The Negotiation At this stage, items on the agenda or the issue of concern are discussed and questions are used on both parties so as to control the negotiation process. This stage is aimed at seeing an end to the agreement and th e problems are discussed so as to reach the best decision. This part is crucial as failure to come to an agreement thwarts the negotiation process and people need to understand the need for motivation and negotiating behaviors so as to ensure that everyone is satisfied with the decision that has been arrived at. Post Negotiation After a negation, there needs to be a follow up so as to ensure that the conflict does not occur again, and the decision is implemented. At this stage, what has been agreed on is recorded and articulated so as it can act as a reference incase the same issue comes up again in the future. Relevant people are notified on the decision that has been made, and all the facts about the final decision including benefits and limitations are communicated. Implementation of the agreement follows, and administrative procedures are set up, which are aimed at monitoring the progress in solving the problem that existed. Finally, evaluation of the negotiating performance is conducted which ensure that the decision arrived at is viable. (2) a. Definition Of Supply Chain Management And How It Connects To Purchasing. Supply chain management refers to the procedures that an organization puts in place to ensure that goods move raw materials and are delivered to customers when they require them (Farmer, Jessop & Jones, 2008). It deals with making a product and service and ascertaining that they are delivered to the customer and it will consist of five main components. The first one

President Jimmy Carter Essay -- Biography

President Jimmy Carter The President of Peace Jimmy Carter was born October 1, 1924, in the small farming town of Plains, Georgia, and grew up in the nearby community of Archery. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr., was a farmer and businessman; his mother, Lillian Gordy, a registered nurse. He was educated in the Plains public schools, attended Georgia Southwestern College and the Georgia Institute of Technology, and received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1946. On July 7, 1946, he married Rosalynn Smith. When his father died in 1953, he resigned a naval commission and returned to Plains. He became involved in the affairs of the community, serving as chairman of the county school board and the first president of the Georgia Planning Association. In 1962 he won election to the Georgia Senate. He lost his first gubernatorial campaign in 1966, but won the next election, becoming Georgia’s 76th governor on January 12, 1971. He was the Democratic National Committee campaign chairman for the 1974 congressional elections (Hochman html). After only serving one term as governor of Georgia he announced his candidacy for president of the United States on December 12, 1974. He won his party’s nomination on the first ballot at the 1976 Democratic National Convention, and was elected the 39th president of the United States on November 2, 1976. During his presidency, Jimmy Carter made many important foreign policy accomplishments, including the Panama Canal treaties, the Diplomatic relations with China, and the Salt II treaty with the Soviet Union. Jimmy Carter’s first foreign policy accomplishment, and by the United States citizens, the most popular, were the Panama Canal treaties. After more than eighty years after the first official ocean-to-ocean transit of the Panama Canal, the United States and Panama embarked on a partnership for the management, operation and defense of the Panama Canal. Under two treaties signed in a ceremony at the OAS headquarters in Washington, D.C., on September 7, 1977, the canal would be operated by the United States until the turn of the century under arrangements designed to strengthen the bonds of friendship and cooperation between the two countries. The treaties were approved by Panama in a plebiscite on October 23, 1977, and th... ...T II treaty being ratified, it set an agreement for the heavy cut back of nuclear weapons for both the United States and the Soviet Union. This was a relief to the citizens of the United States in a sense that the nuclear arms race was coming to a halt. Jimmy Carter was a man who made the most of his opportunities and did what was best, in his mind, for the general public of all United States. The puzzle about the Carter presidency which may never be fully answered is why Jimmy Carter became so unpopular with the media, politicians and the general public, and stayed unpopular during the presidency of his successor. With more political skill, and a good bit more luck, Jimmy Carter might have been a second term president. Works Cited Dumbrell, John. The Carter Presidency: A Re-Evaluation. 2nd ed. Manchester UP, 1995. Hargrove, Erwin C. â€Å"Jimmy Carter as President†: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1998. Hochman, Steven H. Metacrawler.com: October 1, 1997. Lycos.com: September 21, 1997. http:/www.simulations.com/panamacanal/index.htm>. Yahoo.com: March 1, 1998. http:/www.pancanal.com/ctransition/>. President Jimmy Carter Essay -- Biography President Jimmy Carter The President of Peace Jimmy Carter was born October 1, 1924, in the small farming town of Plains, Georgia, and grew up in the nearby community of Archery. His father, James Earl Carter, Sr., was a farmer and businessman; his mother, Lillian Gordy, a registered nurse. He was educated in the Plains public schools, attended Georgia Southwestern College and the Georgia Institute of Technology, and received a Bachelor of Science degree from the United States Naval Academy in 1946. On July 7, 1946, he married Rosalynn Smith. When his father died in 1953, he resigned a naval commission and returned to Plains. He became involved in the affairs of the community, serving as chairman of the county school board and the first president of the Georgia Planning Association. In 1962 he won election to the Georgia Senate. He lost his first gubernatorial campaign in 1966, but won the next election, becoming Georgia’s 76th governor on January 12, 1971. He was the Democratic National Committee campaign chairman for the 1974 congressional elections (Hochman html). After only serving one term as governor of Georgia he announced his candidacy for president of the United States on December 12, 1974. He won his party’s nomination on the first ballot at the 1976 Democratic National Convention, and was elected the 39th president of the United States on November 2, 1976. During his presidency, Jimmy Carter made many important foreign policy accomplishments, including the Panama Canal treaties, the Diplomatic relations with China, and the Salt II treaty with the Soviet Union. Jimmy Carter’s first foreign policy accomplishment, and by the United States citizens, the most popular, were the Panama Canal treaties. After more than eighty years after the first official ocean-to-ocean transit of the Panama Canal, the United States and Panama embarked on a partnership for the management, operation and defense of the Panama Canal. Under two treaties signed in a ceremony at the OAS headquarters in Washington, D.C., on September 7, 1977, the canal would be operated by the United States until the turn of the century under arrangements designed to strengthen the bonds of friendship and cooperation between the two countries. The treaties were approved by Panama in a plebiscite on October 23, 1977, and th... ...T II treaty being ratified, it set an agreement for the heavy cut back of nuclear weapons for both the United States and the Soviet Union. This was a relief to the citizens of the United States in a sense that the nuclear arms race was coming to a halt. Jimmy Carter was a man who made the most of his opportunities and did what was best, in his mind, for the general public of all United States. The puzzle about the Carter presidency which may never be fully answered is why Jimmy Carter became so unpopular with the media, politicians and the general public, and stayed unpopular during the presidency of his successor. With more political skill, and a good bit more luck, Jimmy Carter might have been a second term president. Works Cited Dumbrell, John. The Carter Presidency: A Re-Evaluation. 2nd ed. Manchester UP, 1995. Hargrove, Erwin C. â€Å"Jimmy Carter as President†: Leadership and the Politics of the Public Good. Baton Rouge: Louisiana State UP, 1998. Hochman, Steven H. Metacrawler.com: October 1, 1997. Lycos.com: September 21, 1997. http:/www.simulations.com/panamacanal/index.htm>. Yahoo.com: March 1, 1998. http:/www.pancanal.com/ctransition/>.

The Four Noble Truths in Buddhism

There are many things that can be found in a religion. The idea of a religion is to give hope for life after death and to give peace of mind during life and a reason to live in a morally â€Å"right† way. There are so many religions in the world and so many questions that are answered within each religion. Buddha was born a prince but he continuously looked at many things that were going on outside of the palace and the lives that the commoners lived. While doing this he decided to start changing how he lived his own life.During this time he began practicing meditation in an attempt to find a reason for his behaviors. Later he changed his name to Buddha and then he began to minister and speak to the people. Buddha spoke about a continual peace and interconnection with those who were around them (Palmer, Cooper, and Corcoran 2001, pp 1-4). One of the main foundations in the religion of Buddhism is the idea of the four noble truths. There are four noble truths in the practice of Buddhism. The four noble truths are the qualification of life.These truths are that there is life that is â€Å"qualified by suffering, that suffering has a cause, that there is a state beyond suffering, and that there is a path to the state† (Lopez 2001, p. 15). In the Dali Lama’s teachings on the four noble truths he talks about the general desire for all to have happiness and for them to not have suffering. He also talks about how these truths are â€Å"all encompassing† (1981 p. 1). The first noble truth is the truth that there will be suffering in life.In his talks on the noble truths, the Dali Lama states that all people experience various types of suffering. He also divides suffering into three categories. These categories are â€Å"the suffering of suffering, the suffering of change, and the all-pervasive suffering. † The suffering of suffering can be described as something like a headache. Some type of thing that inflicts suffering on someone an d that there is no reason for the suffering and there is nothing to come from the suffering so the suffering is purely suffering.This type of suffering is not only experienced in humans but also in animals and this type of suffering is also troublesome in animals as it is in humans and they too wish to be freed from this type of suffering. Since there is a fear of these types of suffering and a desire to eliminate the suffering there is a strong desire to find ways to end this suffering and there are many different ways that individuals can choose to end this type of suffering. This type of suffering can also be described in the types of suffering that occurs when people are found to be living in poverty or having to suffer in this way.The Dali Lama reminds that everyone is able to tell that this type of suffering is suffering and that a relief of some sort is needed (1981, p. 1). The second type of suffering can only be described s the suffering of change. This type of suffering is something that is experienced when someone becomes â€Å"restless† and wants some type of change. There are so many things that can occur as well. The way that the Dali Lama describes this type of suffering is that â€Å"we are sitting comfortably relaxed and at first, everything seems all right, but after a while we lose that feeling and get restless and uncomfortable.† Unlike the suffering of suffering when someone experiences the suffering of change it can ultimately come in the form of something that could have previously been thought of as great or wonderful. For instance if someone is able to begin earning money and seemingly get out of the situation of poverty as described in the previous paragraph then they might believe that life is going to be better. The disappointment that money is unable to buy happiness through things that could now be owned is what could be known as the disappointment of change (1981, p. 1). The third type of suffering is all pervasive suffering.This type of suffering is the basis of the first two types of suffering. The Dali Lama speaks about this type of suffering as the type of suffering that contains the main principles of things like karma. This type of suffering is that there is simply suffering in life because there is suffering in human life. This is the type of suffering that causes some people to take their own lives and commit suicide and is the all pervasive suffering that these people do not feel they will ever be able to escape from. This is also what is behind the â€Å"disturbing minds† that are part of the human existence.With this type of suffering there are many things that the follower of Buddhism can learn and learning about this type of suffering can only cause there to be a more intense and better life. The Dali Lama encourages that â€Å"killing yourself isn’t going to solve your problems† and therefore works with the followers and those for whom he is speaking to be ab le to better manage their feelings and not feel that the act of suicide is necessary. This is the final type of suffering for which the Dali Lama speaks about and the final type of suffering in the first noble truth which is the truth of suffering (1981, pp.1-2). The second of the noble truths is the truth of the cause of suffering. The Dali Lama first talks about how the true Buddhists believe that â€Å"there is no external creator and that even though a Buddha is the highest being, even the Buddha does not have the power to create new life. † Through Buddhism it is taught that the â€Å"ultimate cause† for most suffering is the mind. This is meaning that the mind has the power to control the thought process and many of the feelings that occur which are negative. These negative feelings can include many different and various forms of negative thought.The idea behind this truth is that if one has the power to control their mind then they are able to control their thou ght process and by thinking fewer negative thoughts then the benefit to the person will be that they will be more enlightened and feel better overall. The Dali Lama states that one should work hard to not try to â€Å"grasp a true existence† and this is what is behind many of the negative thoughts. With the negative thoughts and the negative karma that is used. It is also thought that the negative actions that are there involved are also what is behind all negative actions.This is the reason for which the middle way is encouraged (1981, pp. 2-3). The third of the four noble truths are that there is the truth of the cessation of suffering. The Dali Lama speaks about how there are many things that are grasped by the mind and how to train the mind to not grasp certain things will help the mind to be able to manage certain feelings and issues through this if one is able to end the â€Å"disturbing negative minds, the cause of all suffering, then we will end the suffering as well .† This is important as it proposes that each person is in charge of ending their own suffering through being able to rid themselves of all of the negative things that are available. This truth is further taught when practicing the middle way and that by practicing the middle way one is able to end his/her suffering (1981, p. 3). The fourth of the four noble truths is the truth to the path of cessation. This is that the path to being able to find the middle way is a journey that each must take. The Dali Lama speaks of the thirty seven things that are needed to reach enlightenment.This is the path that those who are motivated to liberate themselves from suffering. These thirty seven factors to enlightenment are through the five paths. The five paths being the â€Å"four close placements of mindfulness, the four miraculous powers, the four pure abandonments, the five powers and the five forces, the seven factors of enlightenment, and the eightfold path. † The other way th at one is to travel through the paths of the cessation of suffering was through the six â€Å"transcendent perfections. † This way is through practicing both the methods and wisdom.Through these types of journeys it is said that one can end all suffering and find his/her way to enlightenment (1981, p. 4). The middle way is what the Buddha taught as the end to all suffering. This middle way is the belief that there is good neither through extreme indulgence or through depravation. The middle way is the belief that there is a great way for things to be thought of for the middle of life. This is that one should live in the middle realms of things and that each person should attempt to work on how they can find the perfect â€Å"middle† life for themselves (Lopez 2001, pp.28-29). The Eightfold Path is thought to be another way to end all suffering in the practice of Buddhism. The Eightfold Path is the overall ways that Buddha taught that one could reach enlightenment. The beginning of the Eightfold Path is understanding. There is having a knowledge and understanding of the four noble truths. The way that is described in the fourth noble truth is in itself the way of the Eightfold Path. These also include that there is a â€Å"Truth of Change† and the â€Å"Truth of No Self. † The Eightfold Path is uses the understanding and acceptance.The understanding is that one is able to do. The acceptance is that there is an overall acceptance that there are things that we could not change (MacPhillamy 2001, pp. 1-3). The Eightfold Path also teaches that there needs to be a place of thought. This place of thought is where one is able to introvert into his/her mind and is able to therefore create and control the thoughts that he/she has. In his article on the Eightfold Path, MacPhillamy is talking about the things that can keep one from being able to reach enlightenment.These things being that there are â€Å"little lies, deceptions and fantasies t hat we tell ourselves inside our heads all day long. † Thus meaning that the things that one might tell him/herself in order to be able to manage their feelings are really one of the biggest things that will keep them from enlightenment (2001, p. 3). The next three parts of the Eightfold Path are speech, action and livelihood and they form their own group. With these things it is overall the process of changing them to where their main focus is on inner peace.By acting right and in the moral manner for these things can change the overall issues. There are also â€Å"Three Treasures Precepts. † These are that â€Å"I take refuge in the Buddha. I take refuge in the Dharma. I take refuge in the Sangha. † These are all things that are a part of the unified way of life that includes these three things if they are not all included then it is impossible for one to be able to stand on the issues within him/herself. There are also the â€Å"Three Pure Precepts. † T hese are that â€Å"I will cease from evil. I will do only good. I will do good for others.† The idea behind these three things is that if we continue to do these three things then our lives will be easier and there can be a reassurance and knowledge that all is well through these things (MacPhillamy 2001, pp. 3-6). The next part of the Eightfold Path are the â€Å"Ten Great Precepts. † These precepts are: â€Å"I will refrain from killing. I will refrain from stealing. I will refrain from abusing sexuality. I will refrain from speaking untruthfully. I will refrain from selling the wine of delusion. I will refrain from speaking against others.I will refrain from being proud of myself and belittling others. I will refrain from holding back in giving either Dharma or wealth. I will refrain from indulging anger. I will refrain from defaming the Three Treasures. † There are also the forty eight less grave precepts that should be followed however the top ones have be en listed. The next parts of the Eightfold Path are the ideas of effort, mindfulness, and mediation. With the idea of mindfulness there are some things to keep in mind. With mindfulness it is necessary to â€Å"Do one thing at a time. Pay full attention to what you are doing.When your mind wanders to something else, bring it back. Repeat step number three a few hundred thousand times. And, when your mind keeps wandering to the same thing over and over again, stop for a minute and pay ‘attention’ to the distraction ‘: maybe it is trying to tell you something. † Pure meditation is required in being able to maintain ones beliefs and the issues of one being able to manage his/her overall journey through the Eightfold Path (MacPhillamy 2001, pp. 6-15). Also when studying the four noble truths it is essential to study the overall experience and belief in Nirvana.The idea of Nirvana is the idea of â€Å"absolute truth† (Lebiniz 1999, p. 4). Nirvana can also be described as the overall goal for one who is practicing the four noble truths as the idea of Nirvana is a place where there is an end to all suffering and end of all other types of frustration and other problems (Buddhism†¦ p. 1). Being able to know that Nirvana is achievable and being able to believe in that is the faith that many Buddhists need in order to be able to manage how things are going and to be able to encourage appropriate actions from others and within themselves.Being able to reach a state where there is no pain and no suffering is a dream come true to many. This is in the end the way that happiness can be achieved. In studying the four noble truths of Buddhism many different parts of the religions and beliefs of Buddhism need to be followed and understood and in the end reaching the point of Nirvana or the end of all suffering will help others to be able to be more motivated.These overall steps to reaching enlightenment were formed by the Buddha from his own experiences in â€Å"awakening† what he was to become (Eckel 89). References Buddhism: The Search for Enlightenmentl, Retrieved on 26 April 2009 from http://plaza. ufl. edu/cp9470r/project2/beliefs. html Dali Lama 1981, The Four Noble Truths, Retrieved on 27 April 2009 from http://www. lamayeshe. com/index. php? sect=article&id=380 Eckel, MD 2002, Buddhism, 1st ed, Oxford University Press, New York, NY. Lebiniz 1999. Buddha-Buddhism Religion, Retrieved on 26 April from

The Effects Of Cannabis And Its Connection On Increased...

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